/U (b�đ�ȗ�{�TІ ) /P -1852 /V 2 /Length 128 >> endobj 266 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /ParentTree 255 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 16 /K [ 71 0 R ] >> endobj 283 0 obj << /S 376 /L 466 /C 482 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 284 0 R >> stream 0000004677 00000 n 0000003236 00000 n The cooling effect of refrigeration systems is generally quantified in tons of refrigeration. 0000002604 00000 n 0000000809 00000 n 0000000669 00000 n 1 Tonne of refrigeration (TR)= (335x1000)/ 24. where latent heat of ice= 335 KJ/Kg= 13958.333 KJ/hr= 13958.333/24 KJ/min. trailer x�b```b``i``a`�\��π ��l@q����S�;��|�kt�9�;S�Aց Ŋ�%Ξ�uA��ή���T� 3縄s�J���1�ϓ&1hl�(���p5��8��okx���[�o�����Sd��M�HyN(�S��Y&MT���b���l]� ��s��!�׀v��) C��\�k6�]qUQl�&2�F��Ġ 30�h�W���s�n��`xL�(�=)��5, �k��4` �� �&.n�R�X.. !ph�ttt00�� TZH��Q4�bR��X\\���bPI%%� hP����0��(��A8��@��q�/ ��j`>�'��,Q(��p���{���'|� �Ycx,�zK��7`� ��x��@�� ���b�v&�m���` Ď�_��4;�� ����籴J�'0 S��! Part 1 -Fundamentals of Refrigeration Refrigeration Manual. The storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, fruits, ... Microorganism growth in a food item is governed by the combined effects The unit is derived from the cooling rate available per hour from 1 ton (1 short ton = 2000 pounds = 907.18 kg) of ice, when it melts over a period of 24 hours. VCR uses mechanical ener-gy as the driving force for refrigeration, while VAR uses thermal energy as the driving force for refrigeration. 722 18 5 Refrigeration without a Refrigerant 72 5.1 Evaporative cooling 72 5.2 Peltier-Seebeck effect (thermoelectric devices) 73 5.3 Magneto-Calorific Effect (Magnetic Refrigeration) 75 5.4 Thermo-acoustic effect (acoustic refrigeration) 76 5.6 Summary of Chapter 5 78 5.7 Further Reading 78 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com startxref This effect is commonly used in camping and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments. Thermal mass effects, refrigerant dynamics, and interchanger transients are three factors affecting the transient and cycling performance of all refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. ��q�w�f"�(M��-�d���S���������4��D�� 68�k��:�.�'x�*r��W endstream endobj 284 0 obj 413 endobj 267 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 259 0 R /Resources 268 0 R /Contents 274 0 R /StructParents 1 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 268 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /TT2 270 0 R /TT4 272 0 R /TT6 275 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 282 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 277 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 273 0 R >> >> endobj 269 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /COOBDD+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 279 0 R >> endobj 270 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 564 564 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 0 722 333 389 0 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /COOAJF+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 271 0 R >> endobj 271 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /COOAJF+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 278 0 R >> endobj 272 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 722 0 667 0 778 778 0 0 0 667 944 0 778 611 0 722 556 667 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 0 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /COOBDD+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 269 0 R >> endobj 273 0 obj [ /ICCBased 281 0 R ] endobj 274 0 obj << /Length 1129 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream COP = Refrigeration effect Compressor work = h1-h4 h2-h1 2. Mechanical refrigeration works by changing the The majority of heat is removed from the The majority of the works by removedchanging the absorbed heat is state of the refrigerant. When net refrigeration effect is used the designer does not need to add safety factors as when using compressor capacity. Chandra Andromeda. NRE = h l - h e (1) where . Thermoelectric Refrigeration: An Introduction Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junctions of two different types of materials. 0000004455 00000 n The normal boiling point or saturation point of water at atmospheric pressure is 100°C so our tap water is said to be subcooled by 95°C. REFRIGERATION EFFECT. 1 ton of refrigeration is the steady state heat transfer rate required to melt 1 ton of ice from and at 0°C in 24 hours. 2. 3. Refrigeration Cycle Figure 2.4 : Effect of Discharge Pressure 2.2.3 Conditions for Highest COP Effect of Evaporator Pressure Consider a simple saturation cycle 1-2-3-4 with Freon 12 as the refrigerant as shown in Figure 2.5 for operating conditions of t k = 40°C and t = – 5°C. 3 2 2' 4 1 S 4 T 1 2 2' 3 P h 2 Environmental Drivers Affecting Industry •Ozone Depletion Effect –Protective Ozone Layer Damaged By Chlorine & Bromine Gases –Montreal Protocol In September 16, 1987 •Bans CFCs •HCFC R22 Elimination •Climate Change Effect –“Greenhouse Gases” Contribute To Global Warming Is Theory –Kyoto Protocol (1997) Aims To Curb All Greenhouse Gases 0000003853 00000 n The effects of refrigerant dynamics, including refrigerant/oil solubility, off-cycle migration, and charge redistribution, were found to be the most important. 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