the authoritarian personality psychology

Martin, J. L. (2001). Hostile toward people of inferior status but obedient to people with higher statuses. Although cross-cultural comparisons indicated that Chinese people had higher scores on authoritarian personality (measured by F scale) than did Westerners (Singh et al., 1962; Meade and Whittaker, 1967), these stu… Adorno had been a member of the "Frankfurt School", a group of philosophers and Marxist theorists who fled Germany when Hitler shut down their Institute for Social Research. Thematic Apperception Test. It doesn’t matter what you’re good at, what you … English fascists and communists, compared to 'politically neutral' soldiers MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/1 – JUNE 2017 . Social Psychology. small as -.20. those concerning the genesis of authoritarianism in childhood. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. "Political conservatism as motivated social cognition", authors John T. Jost, Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski and Frank J. Sulloway, journal title "Psychological Bulletin", 2003, Vol. S. Feldman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. dependency between prejudice and rigidity may be biased.[16]:65. Here we explore what an authoritarian personality means, how you can recognize it, and what you can do if somebody in your life falls into this category. showed. Adorno et al. that the F-Scale actually measures general authoritarianism, rather than criterion validity of F scale, with various demographic and political groups. Their mean was the lowest of all known The Authoritarian Personality, by Theodor Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford (1950), was perhaps the first major work in political psychology to combine theoretical claims with methods similar to those [17] In a large number of psychometric instruments, they showed that the tendency to respond affirmatively (Yeasayers) or negatively (Naysayers) is a relevant psychological factor despite the content of specific questionnaires.[16]:68. Furthermore, it assigns a practical purpose in social science. Description and evaluation of the authoritarian personality. They did much of the preliminary work on ethnocentrism and statistical measurement. responses and were instructed to study them before interview. The Authoritarian Personality . Start studying Social Psychology: The Authoritarian Personality. 1, Winter 1980, pp. Like Milgram (1974), he too was Jewish, and his work was also triggered by a desire to understand what lead to the atrocities committed during the Holocaust and… questionnaires. Research on the “authoritarian” (or “anti-democratic”) personality has experienced periods of lively, rigorous, and sometimes contentious exploration in social, personality, and political psychology as well as periods of relative neglect. The F scale targets an authoritarian, anti-democratic personality profile that makes a person susceptible to Fascist propaganda. them [16]:49, Split-half reliability for the scale was .91 (high). The interviewers were instructed to obtain information of the following areas. methods and the operation of response sets. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 453. Christie reports The Authoritarian Personality is not only one of the most significant works of social psychology ever written, it also marks a milestone in the development of Adorno’s thought, showing him grappling with the problem of fascism and the reasons for Europe’s turn to reaction. [7][8], The Authoritarian Personality was based in part on earlier Frankfurt School analyses undertaken in Germany, but with a few key changes. work is correct: attitudes of Anti-Semitism, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism [8 marks] Marks for this question: AO1 = 3 and AO3 = 5 . First, their Marxist and radical roots were downplayed. this set of relationships. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Thus, values and behaviors earlier associated with revolutionary Marxism were now associated with support for democracy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Across various participant groups, the average item-total correlation was 0.33. are reasons to believe that there are systematic difference between such a also "severely criticized" [16]:55. Brown, (2004, p. 80) states: "... the Berkley researchers seem to have been correct in their belief that the One particular characteristic is the authoritarian personality, which has been associated with higher levels of obedience. [18][need quotation to verify] Adorno, in a 1947 letter to Horkheimer, said that his main contribution was the F-scale, which in the end was the "core of the whole thing. intensively studied areas. Bob Altemeyer used the right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) scale, to identify, measure, and quantify the personality traits of authoritarian people. The central truth about an authoritarian is that he or she is coming from a place of hatred. It is often a deeply ingrained set of beliefs that take a great deal of time to break down and address. psychological subtleties preserving the original rationale of the items [16]:77, "Perhaps the least well supported of all the findings in the Berkeley study are Conservatives without conscience. The 339–375, The Authoritarian Personality: Then and Now, "Political conservatism as motivated social cognition", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Authoritarian_Personality&oldid=990615614, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2011, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Political & Economical Conservatism Scale, Interviewer Knowledge of Questionnaire Responses, Coding Multiple Variables from the Same Content, Reporting Inter-rater Reliability for Too General Coding Categories, This page was last edited on 25 November 2020, at 14:35. Adorno provided a political and sociological perspective to the book. Jay, Martin (1973). Political Psychology 22(1), 1-26. though that people belonging to at least one organization differ significantly Eysenck (1954, ref. For the form of government, see, Explanation in terms of socio-economic status (SES) rather than repression. third-person perspective in the social sciences. [13], A central idea of The Authoritarian Personality is that authoritarianism is the result of a Freudian developmental model. questionnaire data". Although Adorno's name heads the alphabetical list of authors, he arrived late to the project and made a relatively small contribution. The political personality type identified with the RWA scale indicates the existence of three psychological tendencies and attitudinal clusters characteristic of the authoritarian personality: (i) Submission to legitimate authorities; (ii) Aggression towards minority groupswhom authorities identified as targets for sanctioned political violence; and (iii) Adherence to cultural val… The first part 3. Brown, R. (1965). Subsequent factor analysis confirmed a one-dimensional structure of these content subsets of items (Eysenck 1954, p 152, ref by Brown, p. 53). implicit antidemocratic trends with prejudice which was demonstrated by the The scale's correlation The Authoritarian Personality remains widely cited in the social sciences and continues to inspire research interest today. London: Heinemann. Social dominance orientation (SDO)—which is distinct but related to … In Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., and Christie, R. Don Stewart and Thomas Hoult (1959). F-Scale is a measure of fascism." [Critique point]: The individuals were sampled from formal organizations. with A-S and E was not strong, but in none of the groups was it negative. Very rigid in their opinions and beliefs. Couch and Keniston (1960) addressed the problem of the items being all phrased in an affirmative direction towards anti-Semitism. IV, No. "[1] The personality type Adorno et al. [page needed] Moreover, the book suggested that authoritarianism was rooted in suppressed homosexuality, which was redirected into outward hostility towards the father, which was, in turn, suppressed for fear of being infantilized and castrated by the father. has not been proved by the data they cite". The fact that Rubenstein himself affirms that "the results confirm the validity of the RWA" represents a particularly interesting outcome: Orthodox and Reform Jews in Israel are classified closer to the fascist and anti-Semitic traits, as thought in 1950 by Adorno et al., compared to Secular Jews in Israel. The revised form correlated by 0.75 to a combined A-S/E scale, and 0.57 to PEC. Psychologists have examined dispositional (internal) factors that also contribute to obedience. Communist college students in England. "[...] However, a negative correlation was never found between those scales. [16]:77. The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics. The Authoritarian Personality has often provoked polarized responses: "The Berkeley study of authoritarian personality does not leave many people indifferent". For example, the earlier "authoritarian personality/revolutionary personality" axis was changed to an "authoritarian personality/democratic personality" axis in America. attitudinal measures are almost invariably confirmed" [16]:76, This article is about the book. The authoritarian personality, 50 years later: What questions are there for political psychology? these areas. correlation between "either IQ and F scores or years of education and F scores [page needed], The study employs both quantitative and qualitative components. Intelligence is not as strongly correlated to E per Participants were recruited through formal organizations. "Repression of impulses Frenkel-Brunswik has directly studied prejudice in childhood and adolescence. are attributed to Jewish people. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950. John Dean and Bob Altemeyer have offered a summary of a theory of authoritarian psychology that has long roots in the discipline of personality psychology, extending back to efforts by psychologists to understand popular support for fascism and Nazi dictatorship in the 1930s and 1940s. se if years of education are partialed out, the partial correlation being as Key features of the Authoritarian personality include the respect for submission towards acknowledged authority, the need for a strong leader with uncompromising power, and have a rigid black and white world view which resists creativity. problem-solver. Authoritarian Personality Adorno et al (1950) believed that prejudice was caused by a flaw in the personality, an ego-weakness, that meant the person was “maladjusted”. This is a different approach in philosophy of science than falsification, more popular in the natural sciences. Handout: authoritarian-personality Powerpoint:authoritarian-personality (3) Adorno et al (1950) believed that prejudice was caused by a flaw in the personality, an ego-weakness, that meant the person was “maladjusted”. Thus the sample taken native-born, middle-class Americans and the authors guessed that their findings The final title was the result of a compromise. Psychologist Bob Altemeyer argued against that conclusion, saying that Fascist Italy was not characterized by antisemitism, and that Jews occupied high positions in Mussolini's government until pressure from Hitler disenfranchised these Jews. Adorno, T. W. (1950). An authoritarian personality can be a complicated, multi-faceted challenge to deal with. The book was part of a "Studies in Prejudice" series sponsored by the American Jewish Committee's Department of Scientific Research. Sanford and Levinson were both psychology professors at Berkeley. theory. This hypothesis was consistent with prevailing psychological theories of the time, and Frenkel-Brunswik reported some preliminary support, but empirical data have generally not confirmed this prediction. scientist who is a self-reflective interpreter, rather than a technical The Authoritarian Personality was subjected to close scrutiny and criticism almost immediately after it was published (see Christie and Jahoda 1954).Methodologically, problems with the F-scale measure of authoritarianism cast doubt on much of the empirical research. Ray, J.J. (1980). Social critic Christopher Lasch[28] argued that by equating mental health with left-wing politics and associating right-wing politics with an invented "authoritarian" pathology, the book's goal was to eliminate antisemitism by "subjecting the American people to what amounted to collective psychotherapy—by treating them as inmates of an insane asylum". [23] found that, contrary to predictions by Adorno et al.,[need quotation to verify] rigidity/dogmatism is not intrinsically maladaptive; e.g., rigidity can be associated with discipline and productivity. dominance. The Authoritarian Personality is a 1950 sociology book by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, researchers working at the University of California, Berkeley, during and shortly after World War II. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). leftist liberal views." (see Left-Wing Authoritarianism). Level Marks Description 4 7–8 Knowledge of the authoritarian personality is accurate with some detail. [22][page needed][need quotation to verify], In 1973, Gaensslen et al. "A Social-Psychological Theory of the Authoritarian Personality". "[19] An agreement among the authors held that each one was to sign the individual chapters to which he or she had contributed, and that all four were to sign the chapter on the F-scale;[19] Adorno was credited in 5 of the 23 chapters. [20], The study "has been subjected to considerable criticism"[21] since the 1950s, particularly for various methodological flaws, including sample bias and poor psychometric techniques. Christie and Cook (1958)[30] cite 230 titles relating to The Authoritarian Likert type items ranging from −3 to +3 without a middle point. In his book The Authoritarian Personality, Adorno and his coauthors (1950) described authoritarians as rigid thinkers who obeyed authority, saw the world as black and white, and enforced strict adherence to social rules and hierarchies. The Authoritarian Personality is not only one of the most significant works of social psychology ever written, it also marks a milestone in the development of Adorno’s thought, showing him grappling with the problem of fascism and the reasons for Europe’s turn to reaction. the politically neutral group. However, the Coulter study also found the Communists scored higher in F-Scale than Authoritarian personality definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. [16]:48, All items were phrased in affirmation of the Anti-Semitic sentiment. were replicated in the projectives study, and while this latter work has its own "Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar in America" In. "We can easily imagine plausible reasons for the association of each Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 373. "New light on The Authoritarian Personality: A survey of recent research and criticism.". (1954). were thus motivated by a desire[citation needed] to identify and measure factors that were believed to contribute to antisemitic and fascist traits. sentiment" [16]:50, Split-half reliability for PEC scale was .73 (moderate). The Authoritarian Personality is a 1950 sociology book by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, researchers working at the University of California, Berkeley, during and shortly after World War II. The first form of the F-Scale correlated 0.53 with A-S, 0.65 to E and 0.54 to PEC. Another major hypothesis of the book is that the authoritarian syndrome is predisposed to right-wing ideology and therefore receptive to fascist governments. In fact, Adorno's nine traits of the "F scale" are rather general and have been thought to identify fascist as well as anti-Semitic individual attributes. out the politically neutral group was unusually low in F-Scale, compared to leads to projection which functions as rationalization for an expression.' [14] substantial residual probability that the chief conclusion of the questionnaire from people that do not belong to organizations at all. London: Collier-Macmillan, p. 479. [29], "Our major criticisms lead us inevitably to conclude that the authors' theory This poses a validity problem: The scale may not accurately record the [25][better source needed], The book concludes that right-wing, authoritarian governments produce hostility towards racial, religious or ethnic minorities. 0 6 Discuss the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience. Adorno et al. do generally go together. [16]:76, "The most serious defects in the questionnaire work are the inadequate sampling [16]:62. The Authoritarian personality suggests that those with such personality are more likely to obey to certain authority figures. When they stabilize into a of aggressive feelings towards the parents, Projection of sexual and aggressive There 3, pp. of the research resembles a survey type of research with structured together with many others, criticizes this choice as "unwise". Look it up now! 3 of the American Jewish Committee Social Studies Series. [need quotation to verify], In 1980, sociologist J.J. Ray[24] argued that the project of The Authoritarian Personality was seriously flawed[need quotation to verify] on several points: for not asking questions regarding libertarian politics (which according to Ray are typically more anti-authoritarian than right- or left-wing politics[need quotation to verify]); for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian/right-wing beliefs are correlated with psychopathology; and, most importantly, for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian beliefs are associated with authoritarian behavior. According to the authoritarian personality theory, people with an authoritarian personality tended to be: 1. Rokeach (1960) obtained F-Scale scores from 13 by Brown, p. 80) commented that Coulter's results indicate Bass found a .20 correlation between F-scale and an item-by-item reversed version. (1950) proposed that prejudice is the results of an individual’s personality type. [16]:80. science should not only describe and explain the social world, but also should Glazer, Nathan. variable it is intended to measure. [Critique Point] Interviewers (but not coders) were aware of the participants Adorno came to the conclusion that people with authoritarian personalities showed a greater inclination for putting people into the categories of “us” o… identified can be defined by nine traits that were believed to cluster together as the result of childhood experiences. [...] However, My achievements will always be better than yours. groups. These traits include conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intellectualism, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotypy, power and "toughness", destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and exaggerated concerns over sex. Interviews were coded with the techniques of The "F" was short for "pre-fascist personality." The items were written in accordance to fascist propaganda materials as well as priory held TAT protocol data and interviews with ethnocentric participants. The authoritarian personality theory has helped researchers to understand better how traditional German citizens were easily swayed by the propaganda of the … The Authoritarian Personality "invented a set of criteria by which to define personality traits, ranked these traits and their intensity in any given person on what it called the 'F scale' (F for fascist). would hold for this population" [16]:48. New York: Viking Press. This is a listing of the content categories featured in the items. Three personality traits in particular characterize the syndrome: deference to authorities, aggression toward out groups, and rigid adherence to cultural conventions. Based on the scores on the questionnaires, a smaller number of [Critique Point]: Coding and Interpretation is informed by psychoanalytic social science research is inevitably value-laden, which calls for a model of The authoritarian personality is a psychological syndrome of traits that correlates highly without group prejudice. [a], "The majority of the subjects could be characterized as white, non-Jewish, From this background in their personal history arose the assumption that the emergence of certain phenomena such as anti-Semitism and ethnocentrism stands in close connection with this particular personality structure. ] authoritarianism was measured by the F-Scale correlated 0.53 with A-S and E was not strong, in. Natural sciences authority figures, Generally, Adorno et al was the lowest of all known groups in ''... Profile that makes a person susceptible to fascist propaganda materials as well as to conservatism, although not prominently... 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