American social psychologists soon demonstrated the syndrome in the United States. To be sure, the Berkeley investigators were politically liberal, and the syndrome exists on the left. The idea is that sometimes the cause of frustration is not available as a target for your aggression. Springer-Verlag, New York. Many objected to its nominalist approach – the use of extreme categories based on the highest fourth of F Scale scores labeled ‘‘authoritarians’’ and the lowest fourth labeled ‘‘equalitarians.’’ The Berkeley co authors virtually ignored the middle half of their subject distribution. Vorausgegangen war Wilhelm Reichs psychoanalytisch-gesellschaftskritische Auseinandersetzung mit Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus. But it operates at the individual level of analysis. The Frankfurt School, combining Marxism, psychoanalysis, and sociology, introduced the syndrome to explain Hitler’s popularity among working class Germans. It also expresses how people who express strong prejudice toward one minority typically do so towards all minorities. (Eds.) The volume offered both clinical and questionnaire evidence. This would mean in its attempt to remove bias, it created a new bias toward those who have political ambitions. ★ Authoritarian personality theory of prejudice: Add an external link to your content for free. Belief in harsh punishment. 3. The authoritarian personality is a personality type characterized by extreme obedience and unquestioning respect for and submission to the authority of a person external to the self, which is realized through the oppression of subordinate people. Under the authoritarian personality theory of prejudice, there are two groups of people: those who think like the authoritarian and those who do not. Adorno et al. One of the harshest criticisms of this theory is that it was built to apply to the political spectrum only. Projectivity, intraception, and superstition or stereotyping are all traits that are seen in those who see prejudice through the rose-colored glasses of authoritarianism. 2. The authoritarian personality emerges out of an inability to generate such individual coping strategies. The authoritarian personality and what was labeled the fascist personality of mid-century academic psychology were overlapping, if not indistinct, concepts. Three personality traits in particular characterize the syndrome: deference to authorities, aggression toward out groups, and rigid adherence to cultural conventions. And they tend to avoid contact with outgroup members – a major means for reducing prejudice. The first research on authoritarian personality was, for the reasons mentioned above, very politically driven. This authority could then be distributed through that figure’s subordinates as well. One of the biggest names of this scientific, psychological and philosophical movement is Theodor W. Adorno. Three personality traits in particular characterize the syndrome: deference to authorities, aggression toward out groups, and rigid adherence to cultural conventions. (1950) proposed that prejudice is the results of an individual’s personality type. This authority could then be distributed through that figure’s subordinates as well. The theory that is least effective at explaining the origins of prejudice is the Authoritarian Personality Theory. He viewed this personality as having a very strict superego, which had to be in place because the individual had a weak ego that was unable to cope with strong impulses or temptations brought about by the id. Pettigrew, F. (1999) Placing Authoritarianism in Social Context. Conformity could also be used as an explanation of prejudice if you get stuck writing a psychology essay (see below). In a Christian culture, for example, there might be a prejudice against Muslims or Atheists. d. found among most people in all societies. One of the first social-psychological explanations of prejudice centered on the authoritarian personality (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950). An early formulation appeared in Erich Fromm’s (1941) Escape from Freedom. Thus, the authoritarian personality concept is an important tool for social science to understand a range of important social phenomena. For example, they many relish in roles such as neighborhood associations or condo boards that are charged with creating or enforcing community guidelines. 139 70. This allows response sets to invalidate some scores, because some respondents agree or disagree regardless of the item content. Raising a child harshly doesn’t always lead to prejudice. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. To validate a … Crises invoke authoritarian leadership and encourage equalitarians to accept such leadership. 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