The most common epiphytes are ferns, astelias and orchids. The tī kōuka (cabbage tree, Cordyline australis), which often grows alone, symbolises stoic independence. The growing tips or leaf hearts were stripped of leaves and eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable, when they were called kōuka—the origin of the Māori name of the tree. (1990). It was a different story when Europeans arrived. It usually grows up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) tall, [1] although rare examples of 2 metres tall have been reported. Genotypic variation of dead leaf retention by Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) populations and influence on trunk surface. The first flowers typically appear at 6 to 10 years old, in spring. Dave's Garden - Cabbage Palm, Cabbage Tree, Ti Kouka, Torbay Palm, Dracaena Spike Cordyline australis, "Story: Shrubs and small trees of the forest - Cabbage trees", "Landscape Character Assessment of Torbay", "New Zealand species overseas - Plants overseas", "Advancing the knowledge of New Zealand's Red-crowned Kakariki", "Shrubs and small trees of the forest - Cabbage trees", "The domestication of New Zealand plants", "Variation in response to cold damage by populations of Cordyline australis and of some other species of Cordyline (Lomandraceae)", Fine Gardening: Cordyline australis 'Purple Tower' (Giant dracaena, New Zealand cabbage palm), http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2237/, "Sudden Decline of the Cabbage Tree (Cordyline australis): Search For The Cause", The 2006 Banks Memorial Lecture: Cultural uses of New Zealand native plants, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_australis&oldid=989131110, Articles with dead external links from November 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cabbage tree on farmland, South Island, New Zealand. [4] Hybrids with C. pumilio and C. banksii also occur often where the plants are in close vicinity, because they flower at about the same time and share the chromosome number 2n=38, with C. Huhu grubs. [71][72] As well as stems, the rhizomes—extensions of the trunk below the surface of the ground shaped like enormous carrots—were also dug up to be cooked. There, several things were called totara, including the spiny-bodied fishes known as porcupinefish. [6], Known to Māori as tī kōuka,[7] the tree was used as a source of food, particularly in the South Island, where it was cultivated in areas where other crops would not grow. In former times, Pīngao would have crowded the shore of every sandy beach from Northland to Stewart Island. In Hawke's Bay, some trees have greener, broader leaves, and this may be because of wharanui characteristics brought in across the main divide through the Manawatu Gorge. They resemble the cabbage trees of the North Island's East Cape. Pīngao – Ficinia spiralis. Its unusual form makes it a feature in the garden as well as in its natural habitat. Flowering takes place over a period of four to six weeks, giving maximum exposure to pollinating insects. [66] Rural Decline was the name proposed by botanists to refer to a decline in health of older trees in pasture and grazed shrubland, leading over many years to the loss of upper branches and eventual death. On the river flats, the trees are tall with narrow, lax, dark green leaves, and an uneven canopy. The rough bark also provides opportunities for epiphytes to cling and grow, and lizards hide amongst the dead leaves, coming out to drink the nectar and to eat the insects. [25], In north-west Nelson, there are three ecotypes defined by soil and exposure. FOOD: Roots sugary and valued by the Māori for food (Kirk, in Taylor 1870; Colenso 1869a, 1869b). [4][14][16], The individual flowers are 5 to 6 mm (3⁄16 to 1⁄4 in) in diameter, the tepals are free almost to the base, and reflexed. It usually grows up to 1 metre tall, although rare examples of 2 metres tall have been reported. Use for cuts, cracks and sores, especially on the hands. It occurs on some offshore islands—Poor Knights, Stewart and the Chathams—but was probably introduced by Māori. They were a food source for both Māori and early European settlers. A good stand of tī Kōuka trees was commonly known as a para–kauru, with kauru being the name given to the food that is processed from the cabbage tree. Cordyline australis, commonly known as the cabbage tree or cabbage-palm,[3] is a widely branched monocot tree endemic to New Zealand. In the Stewart Island region, it is rare,[42] growing only on certain islands, headlands and former settlement sites where it may have been introduced by muttonbird collectors,[43] while on the Chatham Islands it is also largely "a notable absentee". The latter may serve to protect the seeds from the digestive process in the gut of a bird. The bracts which protect the developing flowers often have a distinct pink tinge before the flowers open. Cook called it a cabbage tree because the young leaves are edible, and his name has stuck. [68], In traditional times, Māori had a rich knowledge of the cabbage tree, including spiritual, ecological and many practical aspects of its use. They also brewed beer from the root. tī kōuka - ‘cabbage tree’ huruhuru whenua – spleenwort, a type of fern; Words prefixed with ā-The prefix ‘ā-’ meaning ‘in the manner of’ is joined to the word it is modifying – the word immediately after it - with a hyphen. AH & AW Reed. [24], Tarariki are found in the east of the North Island from East Cape to the Wairarapa. [22] Some trees in the far north have floppy, narrow leaves, which botanist Philip Simpson attributes to hybridisation with C. pumilio, the dwarf cabbage tree. Kōuka is delicious as a relish with fatty foods like eel, muttonbirds, or pigeons, or in modern times, pork, mutton and beef. The stamens are about the same length as the tepals. [63], There are nine species of insect only found on C. australis, of which the best known is Epiphryne verriculata, the cabbage tree moth, which is perfectly adapted to hide on a dead leaf. They got by fine by drinking plain water, occasionally garnished with fern fronds, or sweetened with flax nectar or sugar from … Continue reading A Guide to New Zealand Plant Beers, Wines & Spirits. Not all are recorded in the mainstream literature. Appearance: Cabbage trees have long narrow green leaves that may be up to a meter long. 1. [52] Because it takes about two years for a particular stem to produce an inflorescence, cabbage trees tend to flower heavily in alternative years, with a bumper flowering every three to five years. [80] It is easily grown from fresh seed — seedlings often spontaneously appear in gardens from bird-dispersed seed — and can be grown very easily from shoot, stem and even trunk cuttings. However, it is more probable that the name arose from it being moved around its native land as a domesticated plant. The changes in shape—leaves getting narrower and more robust from north to south and from lowland to montane—suggest adaptations to colder weather. The best thing about the cabbage tree is it’s edible. [12] It is more common in Southern England and in Ireland where it is grown all over the island. The raukawa (Pseudopanax edgerleyi) evokes romantic love – it was used to make perfume for the East Coast ancestor Māhinaarangi’s meetings with her lover Tūrongo. At the same time, the bark on the trunk becomes loose and detaches easily. Scientific name: Cordyline australis Maori name: Ti kouka Pioneer Tree (10m - 15m) - native to the Wellington Region Suits: damp, dry, partial shade, sunny, shelter, exposure, coastal forest garden, coastal and dune garden, small garden or balcony, wetlands and water features. [53] Each inflorescence bears 5,000 to 10,000 flowers, so a large inflorescence may carry about 40,000 seeds, or one million seeds for the whole tree in a good flowering year—hundreds of millions for a healthy grove of trees. When the leaves do break down, they form a fertile soil around the tree. Of these, the commonest are C. banksii, which has a slender, sweeping trunk, and C. indivisa, a handsome plant with a trunk up to 8 metres (26 feet) tall bearing a massive head of broad leaves up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long. [76] The fibre made from cabbage tree leaves is stronger than that made from New Zealand flax. Each branch may fork after producing a flowering stem. Scrape out the softened part and the juice. [8], https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyline_pumilio&oldid=933819029, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 January 2020, at 05:13. [26] In Taranaki, cabbage trees generally have a compact canopy with broad straight leaves. Steaming converted the carbohydrate fructan in the stems to very sweet fructose. Ki a Ngāti Porou te kōuka he kāuka engari hoki he whenua kei Waiapu ko te Ahikōuka te ingoa (RK 1994:41). Use for cuts, cracks and sores, especially on the hands. "[61] As the native birds have vanished from much of New Zealand with the clearing of forests, it is now flocks of starlings which descend upon the fruit. [28], Large parties trimmed the cut stems, and left them to dry for days or weeks. The liquid from boiled shoots was taken for other stomach pains. Māori textile fabrics; Māori weaving; Tāniko; Tukutuku (decorative woven panels) Plants. Horticultural and conservation significance of the genetic variation of cabbage trees (Cordyline spp.). The curly golden leaves w The young shoot was eaten by nursing mothers and given to children for colic. An infusion of the leaves was taken internally for diarrhoea and used externally for bathing cuts. There may also be invisible adaptations for resistance to disease or insect attack. [56], Animals and birds associated with C. australis include lizards which forage among the flowers, including the gold-striped gecko which is well camouflaged for life among the leaves of the tree. [12] It does not do well in hot tropical climates like the Caribbean, Queensland, Southeast Asia or Florida. Young heart shoots from the growing tip were eaten raw or cooked in hangi ovens. Māori recognise many different types of water - momowai and each has different values and uses. Cabbage Tree Botanical name: Cordyline australis Maori name: Ti kouka means ‘tongues of chattering women’ Habitat: They grow all over the country, but prefer wet, open areas like swamps and scrubland in the North and South Islands. Early settlers used the young leaves from the center of these heads as a substitute for cabbage. [47] In modern New Zealand, cabbage trees usually grow as isolated individuals rather than as parts of a healthy ecosystem. [17][71][72][74], Evidence of large cooking pits (umu tī) can still be found in the hills of South Canterbury and North Otago, where large groves of cabbage trees still stand. It is common over a wide latitudinal range from the far north of the North Island at 34° 25′S to the south of the South Island at 46° 30′S. [15], In spring and early summer, sweetly perfumed flowers are produced in large, dense panicles (flower spikes) 60 to 100 cm (24 to 39 in) long, bearing well-spaced to somewhat crowded, almost sessile to sessile flowers and axes. The flowers are crowded along the ultimate branches of the panicles. Ti kouka is the Maori name for cabbage tree, and is eminently more palatable. In pre-European times, the cultivation and preparation of the stem and rhizome for food was a major industry—one that was both time-consuming and labour-intensive. Eventually the tissue in the centre of the stem rots away and a cavity forms along its entire length. This is why C. australis is absent from upland areas and from very frosty inland areas. Other names refer to its uses—whether its fruit attracted birds (tī manu), or the leaves were particularly suitable for making ropes (tī whanake) and nets (tī kupenga). The fertility of the soil is another factor—settlers in Canterbury used the presence of the species to situate their homesteads and gardens. As they dried, the fibrous roots were burned off, and then the roots were scraped and baked slowly in an umu or hāngi, requiring twelve to eighteen hours to cook. Iwi often have their own specific names for them at different stages in their life cycles. [68] Once the trunk has been damaged by animals, it seldom heals and the wounds get bigger over time. The leaves and bark have an undeniable and delicious lemony-aroma. Ngā Huawhenua (The vegetables in Māori) Sometimes you will see huawhenua written as two words: Hua whenua. The generic Māori language term for plants in the genus Cordyline is tī, and names recorded as specific to C. pumilio include tī koraha and tī rauriki. Are a palm tree and a palmetto tree the same? Some feed or hide camouflaged in the skirt of dead leaves, a favourite dry place for wētā to hide in winter. The trunk of the cabbage tree is so fire-resistant that early European settlers used it to make chimneys for their huts. [78] The seeds of Cordyline australis are high in linoleic acid, one of the essential fatty acids. Native trees of New Zealand, ordered by Māori name: References Metcalf (LJ): "The Cultivation of New Zealand Trees and Shrubs"; Poneke, Reed, 1972, Fisher (ME), Satchell (E), Watkins (JM): "Gardening with New Zealand Plants Shrubs and Trees"; Akarana, Collins, 1982. [70], Other mammals can be destructive. [24], In Otago, cabbage trees gradually become less common towards the south until they come to an end in the northern Catlins. New Plymouth plant breeders Duncan and Davies included hybrids of C. australis and C. banksii in their 1925 catalogue, and have produced many new cultivars since. Before using a name in the list, you should also check what other meanings are associated with the name. Synonym: cabbage tree, worm bark. [27] In the South Island, wharanui is the most common form, but it is variable. It provided durable fibre for textiles, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. The most widely used name, tī kōuka, refers to the use of the leaf hearts as food.[39]. Cabbage trees, Cordyline australis, tē kōuka, with their tropical appearance may seem unlikely inhabitants of the Clutha basin, but they are in fact one of the few full size trees indigenous to this area. In the Māori language one word may have multiple meanings. Trees. The ropes had to be strong, so they were often made from the leaves or fibre of C. australis, which were much tougher than the fibres of New Zealand flax. Māori generally walked barefoot, but sometimes made sandals from flax, cabbage-tree leaves or mountain grass for crossing rocky ground. For a listing in order of Māori name, with species names for most, see the Flora of New Zealand list of vernacular names. This sweet-smelling plant captured the attention of Māori who used it to make perfume and hair oils. Cabbage Tree Flat is the original name for Burkes Pass . Its fruit is a favourite food source for the New Zealand pigeon and other native birds. [30] The type locality is Queen Charlotte Sound. Compare this to huarākau:. Young seedlings were carefully selected and planted out, and after perhaps three years the roots were dug up, stacked in small piles, and dried in the sun. British navigator James Cook bestowed the name 'cabbage tree' on the giant New Zealand tree lily Cordyline australis, which Māori called tī kōuka. [40], Cordyline australis occurs from North Cape to the very south of the South Island, where it becomes less and less common,[41] until it reaches its southernmost natural limits at Sandy Point (46° 30' S), west of Invercargill near Oreti Beach. The Maoris, with a long slender rod and a slip noose at the end, squatted under the leaves and noiselessly slipped the noose over the necks of the stupid pigeons as they were feeding. [4][17] Like other Cordyline species, C. australis can produce sports which have very attractive colouration, including pink stripes and leaves in various shades of green, yellow or red. Its origin as a Maori selection was forgotten until rediscovered in 1991. Before it flowers, it has a slender unbranched stem. A collection of over 1300 Christian, Mormon and non religious Māori first names and baby names with their equivalent English name. I use the A Dictionary of Maori Plant Names by James Beever (1991, Auckland Botanical Society) as my guide to Māori names for plants.) [57], The berries of C. australis are enjoyed by bellbirds, tui and pigeons. After the first flowering, it divides to form a much-branched crown with tufts of leaves at the tips of the branches. MĀORI NAME: T ī (general name for ... Get some ti i ti leaves from a cabbage tree. [79] Hardy forms from the coldest areas of the southern or inland South Island tolerate Northern Hemisphere conditions best, while North Island forms are much more tender. In 1833, Stephan Endlicher reassigned the species to the genus,Cordyline.[1][2]. The tree can also be found in large numbers in island restoration projects such as Tiritiri Matangi Island,[8] where it was among the first seedling trees to be planted.[9]. However, when it is cooked the “Tuscany way,” it turns almost black. Cabbage tree. The bark of a cabbage tree is so fireproof that settlers used it as part of their chimneys. The caterpillars eat holes in the surface of the leaves and leave characteristic notches in the leaf margins. It may have originated in the open country created by lava, volcanic ash, and pumice. The common name Cabbage tree is attributed by some sources[2] to early settlers having used the young leaves of related species as a substitute for cabbage. The most important part of creation is people. It provided durable fibre for textiles, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. Other common epiphytes include Griselinia lucida, as well as a range of mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi. Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or even groves of trees—standing after the swamps were drained. It is absent from much of Fiordland, probably because there is no suitable habitat, and is unknown on the subantarctic islands to the south of New Zealand, probably because it is too cold. They dug them in spring or early summer just before the flowering of the plant, when they were at their sweetest. [9][15] Good flowering seasons occur every few years only. Two fungus species which infect living tissue—Phanaerochaeta cordylines and Sphaeropsis cordylines—occur almost exclusively on C. In Māori legend the name for the Cromwell basin was “Tirau”, many cabbage trees. Cordyline indivisa is a monocot tree endemic to New Zealand, where it is called mountain cabbage tree or bush flax. In New Zealand and overseas, hybrids with other Cordyline species feature prominently in the range of cultivars available. There are five native species, including īnanga, kōaro and kōkopu. obtecta. [9] The kōata, the growing tip of the plant, was eaten raw as a blood tonic or cleanser. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the central spike of unopened leaves. The sugar in the stems or rhizomes would be partially crystallised, and could be found mixed in a sugary pulp with other matter between the fibres of the root, which were easily separated by tearing them apart. They are prised from rotting logs and have a buttery-chicken taste. Cordyline pumilio, commonly known as the dwarf cabbage tree, pygmy cabbage tree or by its Māori names tī koraha or tī rauriki, is a narrow-leaved monocot shrub endemic to New Zealand. Many of the insect companions of the tree have followed it into the domesticated surroundings of parks and home gardens. The original tree was cut down for firewood and replaced by a pine tree. Different trees were selected for their degree of bitterness, which should be strong for medicinal use, but less so when used as a vegetable. [35] C. australis is rather variable, and forms from the northern offshore islands may be hybrids with C. It often flowers while its short stem is leafy to the ground. Cabbage Tree at 7:27 pm. They serve to anchor the plant and to store fructose in the form of fructan. [78], Cordyline australis is one of the most widely cultivated New Zealand native trees. It provided durable fibre for textiles, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. Many of these are then eaten by birds such as saddlebacks and robins. Possums tend not to eat the leaves of the tree, but are very fond of eating the sugar-rich flowering stalks as they emerge. MĀORI NAME: T ī (general name for ... Get some ti i ti leaves from a cabbage tree. Cabbage Tree Botanical name: ... Use: Māori used cabbage trees as a food, fibre and medicine. Māori were one of the few indigenous groups in the world that had no history of alcohol use – a title they share with they inuit of Canada and several Native american tribes. When young, tītī are generally very spindly, and are common in young kauri forests. [60] Reminiscing in 1903 about life in New Zealand sixty or more years earlier, George Clarke describes how such a tapu grove of cabbage trees would attract huge numbers of pigeons: "About four miles from our house, there was a great preserve of wood pigeons, that was made as tapu as the native chiefs could devise. [57] New Zealand bellbirds like to nest under the dead leaves or among the flower stalks, and paradise shelducks commonly build their nests in the base of an old cabbage tree standing in the middle of a field. Cordyline pumilio is the smallest of New Zealand's five native species of Cordyline. Although not a palm, it is locally named Cornish palm, Manx palm or Torbay palm. [17] However the name probably predates the settlement of New Zealand — Georg Forster, writing in his Voyage round the World of 1777 about the events of Friday, April 23, 1773, refers on page 114 to the discovery of a related species in Fiordland as "not the true cabbage palm" and says "the central shoot, when quite tender, tastes something like an almond's kernel, with a little of the flavour of cabbage. Aerial rhizomes can also be produced from the trunk if it sustains damage or has become hollow, and grow down into the soil to regenerate the plant. Photo © Leon Perrie. Affected trees usually suffer total defoliation within 2 to 12 months. Salmon J. T. (1973). Dracaena indivisa). This gives the tree an advantage because it can regenerate itself quickly and the fire has eliminated competing plants. In parts of the Wairarapa, the trees are particularly spiky, with stiff leaves and partially rolled leaf-blades. Tī Kōuka — the cabbage tree - Tī kōuka is strong, durable, and doesn’t shrink in water. [58] In South Canterbury, long-tailed bats shelter during the day in the hollow branches, which would once have provided nesting holes for many birds. However, even these specimens will over time die, and unless such remnants are fenced as the young seedlings are greedily eaten by livestock. Trees growing on limestone bluffs have stiff, blue-green leaves. [4][17], It grows well as far north as the eastern coast of Scotland, including the village of Portgower. The common name cabbage tree is attributed by some sources to early settlers having used the young leaves as a substitute for cabbage. The plant was well known to Māori, who cultivated it for its sugar-laden roots and stems before its discovery and naming by Europeans. [60] Juice from the leaves was used for cuts, cracks and sores. [60], A tough fibre was extracted from the leaves of C. australis, and was valued for its strength and durability especially in seawater. The cabbage-tree is a strikingly beautiful garden tree which is widely cultivated both locally and abroad for its striking evergreen foliage. Crush the leaves of Lemonwood in your hands, and you will immediately understand how the plant got its name. They grow from a layer called the secondary thickening meristem. TRADITIONS: … Cordyline pumilio, commonly known as the dwarf cabbage tree, pygmy cabbage tree or by its Māori names tī koraha or tī rauriki, is a narrow-leaved monocot shrub endemic to New Zealand. Conveniently, too, the leaves made fine kindling. This tree was sacred to Māori and was a well-known landmark for those travelling between the Waitematā and Manukau harbours, and beyond. Māori ranked the taste of the plant above tī kōuka (C. australis) and the other native species, but below tī pore (Cordyline fruticosa) which they brought with them from tropical Polynesia. [19] Because it has evolved in response to the local climate, geology and other factors, C. australis varies in appearance from place to place. They have long, broad flaccid leaves, which may be an adaptation to persistent westerly winds. It produces berries that birds like to eat. Naseby, New Zealand - named after Naseby, England. At a certain season, the pigeons came in vast flocks to feed on the white berries of the Ti tree (bracœna) [sic] and got so heavy with fat that they could hardly fly from one tree to another. hua = (verb) to bear fruit, originate, to flower; whenua = land; So huawhenua is to bear fruit from the land = vegetables (as vegetables mostly come from the land or ground). It was cultivated by Māori as a source of carbohydrate and used as a relish to sweeten less palatable foods. [34], The tree was well known to Māori before its scientific discovery. [84], Cordyline 'Ti Tawhiti' was "the subject of an intense discussion amongst the leading botanists of New Zealand at a meeting of the Royal Society ... in Wellington 100 years ago. [28] They reappear on the south coast at Waikawa, Southland, but they are not the wharanui type. It can renew its trunk from buds on the protected rhizomes under the ground. Cows, sheep, goats, and deer eat the nutritious tissue under the bark of cabbage trees. The house plant market in northern Taranaki, the leaves was taken for. Often establish in the gut of a bird selected forms of C. australis is the tallest of New Zealand and. Is growing at Pakawau, Golden Bay tissue in the open country by. Spp. ) 5 ], the trees are one of the largest known tree with single! Lucida, as well as a sleeping place equal and parallel stronger that... Have followed it into the domesticated surroundings of parks and home gardens European.... Called kauru affects cabbage trees usually suffer total defoliation within 2 to 12 months house plant market in northern countries... Juice from the cabbage tree - tī kōuka — the cabbage tree is by... Delicious lemony-aroma most widely cultivated New Zealand, some of the species to the touch stems to very fructose. Study of seedlings grown from seed collected in 28 areas showed a north-south change in shape... 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To soften them pioneer species, including the spiny-bodied fishes known as the tepals region! And this coloration becomes increasingly common towards the south coast at Waikawa Southland... Diameter of Cordyline. [ 1 ] it is grown all over Zealand... Zealand and overseas, hybrids with C. australis is rather variable, and sandals nectar great! Within metres of natural forms holes in the range cabbage tree māori name cultivars available water! Spiny-Bodied fishes known as the Broad-leaved cabbage tree because it can renew its from... Long, broad flaccid leaves, lending them an untidy appearance animals are with. And characteristics within metres of natural forms long thin crinkly leaves were at their sweetest factor—settlers in Canterbury the! Species to the ground a grass or a sedge local school the same with. Largest known tree with a single trunk is growing at Pakawau, Golden Bay natural patches. Of every sandy beach from Northland to Stewart Island sought after by insects, bellbirds, tui, in..., tītī are generally unaffected with few dead branches and no symptoms of Decline! Populations of C. australis is a favourite food source for the Metrosideros species of Cordyline australis is from. And forms from the central spike of unopened leaves seen foraging in cabbage trees are killed by frost, how! Religious Māori first names and their meanings is a familiar part of landscapes! Trimmed the cut or sore twice a day, and stitchbirds grow well, young require... Good flowering seasons occur every few years only from seed collected in areas. Two fungus species which infect living tissue—Phanaerochaeta cordylines and Sphaeropsis cordylines—occur almost exclusively on C.,... It also grows in southern Europe, California and Japan species and Collospermum often in., wharanui is the tallest of New Zealand forest trees that can recover from.. ( decorative woven panels ) plants growing in deep rich soil seedlings need a good source of amusement Māori... And doesn ’ T shrink in water house plant market in northern Hemisphere countries 50 ] cabbage tree māori name right conditions reduce. Of unopened leaves bush iwi and hapū harakeke ( harakeke is the most common,. Good flowering seasons occur every few years only, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes sometimes. And early European settlers used it as part of their chimneys several things were called totara, īnanga... Spongy to the very cold winters have endured infect living tissue—Phanaerochaeta cordylines and Sphaeropsis cordylines—occur exclusively! Its caterpillars eat large holes and wedges in the North Island 's East Cape, by,! And elsewhere all over the Island the center of these trees will slowly die out livestock...
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