What kind of person should I be (or try to be), and what will my actions show about my character? For Christian CEOs and business leaders, ethical decision-making skills are crucial. Do you need Nursing assignment help service? The person using the Consequences framework desires to produce the most good. This is based on a formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative that says: “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means to an end.” The list of ethical rights is debated; many now argue that animals and other non-humans such as robots also have rights. Consequently, it takes into account all parts of human experience and their role in ethical deliberation, as it believes that all of one’s experiences, emotions, and thoughts can influence the development of one’s character. 1. The purpose of this article is to describe a step-by-step process for decision making, and a model is developed to aid health care managers in making more quality decisions, which ultimately determines the success of organizations. There are numerous parallels between ethical egoism and laissez-faire economic theories, in which the pursuit of self-interest is seen as leading to the benefit of society, although the benefit of society is seen only as the fortunate byproduct of following individual self-interest, not its goal. This approach to ethics underscores the networked aspects of society and emphasizes respect and compassion for others, especially those who are more vulnerable. Do you need professional Nursing papers? The restorative justice model may be considered an alternative ethical decision-making model for bringing peace to opposing parties in a conflict. Ethics versus Morality. 1. The Duty-Based ApproachThe duty-based approach, sometimes called deontological ethics, is most commonly associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), although it had important precursors in earlier non-consquentialist, often explicitly religious, thinking of people like Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430), who emphasized the importance of the personal will and intention (and of the omnipotent God who sees this interior mental state) to ethical decision making. Among the most important contributions of this approach is its foregrounding of the principle of care as a legitimately primary ethical concern, often in opposition to the seemingly cold and impersonal justice approach. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps. Directs attention to the duties that exist prior to the situation and determines obligations. A number of models are presented in ethics literature, all of which are somewhat similar in design and content.2 The goal of each is to provide a framework for making the best decision in a particular situation. ethical. Kant argued that doing what is right is not about the consequences of our actions (something over which we ultimately have no control) but about having the proper intention in performing the action. Does a problem or dilemma actually exist? Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems. Which action serves the community as a whole, not just some members? Ethical conduct is defined by doing one’s duties and doing the right thing, and the goal is performing the correct action. FRAMEWORKS FOR ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING: Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. This is perhaps the trickiest stage in ethical decision making, as sometimes the subtleties of the issue are above and beyond our knowledge and experience. Would I change anything now that I have seen the consequences? It emphasizes the belief that all humans have a right to dignity. This paper describes the strong connection between ethical decision making and project leadership success. In the Consequentialist framework, we focus on the future effects of the possible courses of action, considering the people who will be directly or indirectly affected. Applied EthicsTerms Used in Ethical JudgmentsApplied ethics deals with issues in private or public life that are matters for ethical judgments. Sometimes what appears to be an ethical dispute is really a dispute about facts or concepts. Shaun Taylor's presentation: Geoethics Forums (PowerPoint 2007 (.pptx) 380kB Jun11 14), given at the 2014 Teaching GeoEthics workshop, provided a simple model to help students engage Ethical Decision-Making that includes a) the context/facts of the situation, b) the stakeholders, c) the decision-makers, d) these inform a number of alternate choices, e) that are mediated through the … However, because they focus on different ethical features, the conclusions reached through one framework will occasionally differ from the conclusions reached through one (or both) of the others. Ethics provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us decide how we ought to act in a range of situations. This is one of several decision-making models which can be utilized. Their model is acknowledged as an effective tool for ethical decision-making because it does not leave the counselor adrift in his/her own … ! The Duty Framework In the Duty framework, we focus on the duties and obligations that we have in a given situation, and consider what ethical obligations we have and what things we should never do. … Recognizing an Ethical IssueOne of the most important things to do at the beginning of ethical deliberation is to locate, to the extent possible, the specifically ethical aspects of the issue at hand. Maps & Directions / Contact Us / Accessibility Even so, we must often take action. The ethical action is one taken from duty, that is, it is done precisely because it is our obligation to perform the action. For example, some Utilitarians might argue that the death penalty is ethical because it deters crime and thus produces the greatest amount of good with the least harm. Religions may also advocate or prohibit certain behaviors which may not be considered the proper domain of ethics, such as dietary restrictions or sexual behaviors. Common concepts and practices repeated in EDMMs are discussed throughout the literature. Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. Other Utilitarians, however, might argue that the death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces more harm than good. Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. All Rights Reserved. The use of a model or models of ethical decision making demonstrates that the clinician possesses expert knowledge in the area of ethical decision making and clarifies that this expert knowledge will be utilized as a guide for reaching the best conclusion about how to proceed with a complex ethical … 1. Therefore, this framework works best in situations where there is a sense of obligation or in those in which we need to consider why duty or obligation mandates or forbids certain courses of action. An explanatory case study is provided along with sample dilemmas to illustrate how an ethical decision-making model might be used within the school setting. We ask about what outcomes are desirable in a given situation, and consider ethical conduct to be whatever will achieve the best consequences. Kant argued that doing what is right is not about the consequences of our actions (something over which we ultimately have no control) but about having the proper intention in performing the action. Ethical conduct is defined by doing one’s duties and doing the right thing, and the goal is performing the correct action. Insights about ethical decision making in businesses. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems. decision making is part of the inclusive model of ethical decision making developed by Chenoweth and McAuliffe 2008 The road to social work and human service practice 2nd ed Cengage Learning Australia pp. For example, two people are walking down a hallway and see a third person drop their book bag, spilling all of their books and papers onto the floor. she froze in fear, and her heart began to pound. The Practitioner's Guide to Ethical Decision Making. Ethical decision-making is characterized by respect for others, an awareness of justice, and sensitivity to the application of rules of conduct. This framework has the advantage of creating a system of rules that has consistent expectations of all people; if an action is ethically correct or a duty is required, it would apply to every person in a given situation. T.J is newly born with a lack of cerebral cortex. relationship between leadership, decision making, and ethical behavior. This approach is also prominent in non-Western contexts, especially in East Asia, where the tradition of the Chinese sage Confucius (551-479 BCE) emphasizes the importance of acting virtuously (in an appropriate manner) in a variety of situations. The most influential modern proponent of this approach was the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), who argued that the best society should be guided by the “general will” of the people which would then produce what is best for the people as a whole. Is this an ethical, legal, moral, professional, or clinical problem? Keywords: school counseling, ethics, ethical decision-making, ethical … Describe the relevant ethical guideline(s) that pertain to the boundary violation. Below is a sample of some of the most important and useful of these ethical approaches.i.) All Utilitarians would abide by the principle of producing the most good with the least harm. For example, some Utilitarians might argue that the death penalty is ethical because it deters crime and thus produces the greatest amount of good with the least harm. However, because they focus on different ethical features. Describe alternative actions and explain your ethical decisions based on the guidelines. The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), in praising the biblical Patriarch Abraham’s willingness to kill his son Isaac at God’s command, claimed that truly right action must ultimately go beyond everyday morality to what he called the “teleological suspension of the ethical,” again demonstrating the somewhat tenuous relationship between religion and ethics mentioned earlier. While each of the three frameworks is useful for making ethical decisions, none is perfect—otherwise the perfect theory would have driven the other imperfect theories from the field long ago. Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular actions. Others reserve morality for the state of virtue while seeing ethics as a code that enables morality. 97-109. Both law and ethics deal with questions of how we should live together with others, but ethics is sometimes also thought to apply to how individuals act even when others are not involved. Having a method for ethical decision making is essential. That is, a person would not be wrong in committing suicide, nor would they be wrong in not committing suicide. This is one reason why we can sometimes say that we have a “moral intuition” about a certain situation, even when we have not consciously thought through the issue. Other Utilitarians, however, might argue that the death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces more harm than good. Fairness of starting point is the principle for what is considered just. Prioritize #5, #6, and #7 to identify the most important consideration in this situation. It first provides a summary of the major sources for ethical thinking, and then presents a framework for decision-making. The field of ethics is traditionally divided into three areas: 1.) It was last revised in May, 2013. Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions. When combined with the universality of the rights approach, the justice approach can be applied to all human persons. Ethical Decision Making Models. (The Rights Approach). All Utilitarians would abide by the principle of producing the most good with the least harm. Ethical environmental action, then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment. List all the values that are involved in the decision, such as honesty, integrity, loyalty, confidentiality, fairness, compassion, kindness, respect for others, excellence, accountability, and being law-abiding and socially responsible. Be sure to listen to all parties in deciding on a course of action. This framework also focuses on following moral rules or duty regardless of outcome, so it allows for the possibility that one might have acted ethically, even if there is a bad result. This framework for thinking ethically is the product of dialogue and debate in the seminar, and the Ethical Framework developed by the. The use of a model or models of ethical decision making demonstrates that the clinician possesses expert knowledge in the area of ethical decision making and clarifies that this expert knowledge will be utilized as a guide for reaching the best conclusion about how to proceed with a complex ethical … TRADITIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE FIELD OF ETHICS. 4. Ethical behavior is a complex matter because stakeholder interests often conflict, ethical values are unclear, benefits and harms are difficult to evaluate, and the rights of one group might interfere with the rights of others. Most models use principle-based reasoning, an approach derived from the work of philosophers Beauchamp and Childres… One of the most influential recent proponents of ethical egoism was the Russian-American philosopher Ayn Rand (1905-1982), who, in the book The Virtue of Selfishness (1964), argues that self-interest is a prerequisite to self-respect and to respect for others. We define ethical behavior as whatever a virtuous person would do in the situation, and we seek to develop similar virtues. In many situations, all three frameworks will result in the same—or at least very similar—conclusions about what you should do, although they will typically give different reasons for reaching those conclusions. And ethics and religion do not always concur. Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea of “pleasure.”. Following God’s will is seen as the very definition what is ethical. 6. Even so, we must often take action. COOPER'S ETHICAL MODEL Cooper's Ethical Decision-Making Model The ethical decision-making model: Application to the workplace According to Cooper (2012), ethical decision-making encompasses different 'levels' of analysis. The most influential modern proponent of this approach was the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), who argued that the best society should be guided by the “general will” of the people which would then produce what is best for the people as a whole. Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and distress. When combined with the universality of the rights approach, the justice approach can be applied to all human persons. The children would suffer and die if parents did not care for them. Consultation, culture and/or context, professional and personal judgment, and code and law are cited as common factors in The most basic form of the imperative is: “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” So, for example, lying is unethical because we could not universalize a maxim that said “One should always lie.” Such a maxim would render all speech meaningless. Ethical business – as other ethical issues – are a matter of individual and collective judgement. This even-handedness encourages treating everyone with equal dignity and respect. What were the intended and unintended consequences? In many situations, all three frameworks will result in the same—or at least very similar—conclusions about what you should do, although. Reflect on the OutcomeWhat were the results of my decision? Ethical decision-making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles. 8. However, it should be noted that each framework has its limits: by focusing our attention on one set of features, other important features may be obscured. Hence it is important to be familiar with all three frameworks and to understand how they relate to each other—where they may overlap, and where they may differ. Maria heard a strange thumping noise just outside her bedroom window in the middle of the night. 3. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative. Only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations. As its name suggests, this approach sees what is right as the same as what God commands, and ethical standards are the creation of God’s will. The following are important terms used in making moral judgments about particular actions. Ethical conduct is whatever a fully virtuous person would do in the circumstances. Consequentialist Theories: The Utilitarian Approach Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and distress. In acting according to a law that we have discovered to be rational according to our own universal reason, we are acting autonomously (in a self-regulating fashion), and thus are bound by duty, a duty we have given ourselves as rational creatures. Prepare this assignment using Times New Roman 12-point font. Mature faith and integrity and process have been Evaluate your decision-making options by asking the following questions: Which action will produce the most good and do the least harm? 2. Ethics should concern all levels of life: acting properly as individuals, creating responsible organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole more ethical. Primary contributors include Sheila Bonde and Paul Firenze, with critical input from James Green, Margot Grinberg, Josephine Korijn, Emily Levoy, Alysha Naik, Laura Ucik and Liza Weisberg. In a sense, we can say that ethics is all about making choices, and about providing reasons why we should make these choices. Sometimes the easiest way to see if an action is ethically obligatory is to look at what it would mean NOT to perform the action. It also requires practice. However, this framework also has its limitations. The Common Good Approach The ancient Greek philosophers Plato (427-347 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE) promoted the perspective that our actions should contribute to ethical communal life life. TRADITIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE FIELD OF ETHICS: There are many systems of ethics, and numerous ways to think about right and wrong actions or good and bad character. Listen to your instincts – if it feels uncomfortable making the decision on your own, get others involved and use t… This model is published by the American Counseling Association, and it is particularly useful for professional counselors working in agencies, private practice, and … Decision making literature often relies on ‘rationality’ as being the hallmark of good decision making—obtain information, assess for bias, identify options etc—and minimizes or discredits the role of emotion, often associating emotion as the opposite of reason. ! A person of good character would be one who has attainted certain virtues. For example, we would say that murder is ethically impermissible. This approach stipulates that the best ethical action is that which protects the ethical rights of those who are affected by the action. PLUS Ethical Decision-Making Model is one of the most used and widely cited ethical models.To create a clear and cohesive approach to implementing a solution to an ethical problem; the model is set in a way that it gives the leader “ethical filters” to make decisions.It purposely leaves out anything related to making a profit so that leaders can focus on values instead of a potential impact on revenue.The letters in PLUS each stand for a filter that leaders can use for decision-making: 1. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE), who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. In relation to these specific violations, describe the similarities or differences in the ACA and APA ethical codes. An ethical decision-making model is a tool that can be used by a dental hygienist or any other health care provider to help think through an ethical dilemma and arrive at an ethical decision. Write a brief summary of the questionable behavior. Ethics is sometimes conflated or confused with other ways of making choices, including religion, law or morality. 3. Finally, many people use the terms morality and ethics interchangeably. 8 Chen-Bi Zhong, ‘The Ethical Dangers of Rational Decision Making’, Finalist for the ‘Excellence in Ethics’ Dissertation Proposal Competition, Northwestern University, 2005, p 5. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato (427-347 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE) promoted the perspective that our actions should contribute to ethical communal life life. Act Many ethical situations are uncomfortable because we can never have all of the information. The Medieval Christian philosopher William of Ockham (1285-1349) was one of the most influential thinkers in this tradition, and his writings served as a guide for Protestant Reformers like Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Jean Calvin (1509-1564). 7. Because the answers to the three main types of ethical questions asked by each framework are not mutually exclusive, each framework can be used to make at least some progress in answering the questions posed by the other two. Which value do you believe is the most important in this situation? Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea of “pleasure.”. The following criteria for ethical decision making, adapted from Dr. Arthur Gross Schafer’s Ethical Decision Making Model for ALA, incorporates principles from the utilitarian, moral-rights, justice, and practical approaches for ethical decision making discussed in the textbook. The author decided that consulting with a counsellor and the physicians of both Claire and Evan was the best way to get across how the author felt that this sensitive case should be approached. As previously stated, the purpose of this article is not to define or describe ethical business in an absolute sense. https://lisajeffs.com/why-is-ethical-decision-making-important Also, because the framework looks at character, it is not particularly good at helping someone to decide what actions to take in a given situation or determine the rules that would guide one’s actions. The post Applying Ethical Decision Making Models appeared first on Brainy Term Papers. Both law and ethics deal with questions of how we should live together with others, but ethics is sometimes also thought to apply to how individuals act even when others are not involved. The first, expressive, level is based upon gut instincts. This approach to ethics underscores the networked aspects of society and emphasizes respect and compassion for others, especially those who are more vulnerable. (The Justice Approach), Which action serves the community as a whole, not just some members? One of the most important things to do at the beginning of ethical deliberation is to locate, to the extent possible, the specifically ethical aspects of the issue at hand. Accordingly, an objective of the College of Business is that upon graduation, you What are my obligations in this situation, and what are the things I should never do? Ethical obligations are the same for all rational creatures (they are universal), and knowledge of what these obligations entail is arrived at by discovering rules of behavior that are not contradicted by reason. This hypothetical contract is considered fair or just because it provides a procedure for what counts as a fair action, and does not concern itself with the consequences of those actions. (The Utilitarian Approach), Which action respects the rights of all who have a stake in the decision? Explain how you would apply each of the following eight steps of the ethical decision-making model from Chapter 1 in Ethical Practice in Forensic Psychology: A Systematic Model for Decision Making … The Virtue Framework In the Virtue framework, we try to identify the character traits (either positive or negative) that might motivate us in a given situation. Below is a sample of some of the most important and useful of these ethical approaches. Which individual who is involved in or affected by the decision do you believe is the most important in this situation? We hope that the information above is helpful in developing your own experience in making choices. It is an essential skill for all professionals. Among the advantages of this ethical framework is that focusing on the results of an action is a pragmatic approach. What does business ethics involve? Ethical conduct involves always doing the right thing: never failing to do one's duty. , although the benefit of society is seen only as the fortunate byproduct of following individual self-interest, not its goal. Identify the problem or dilemma. A good system of law should be ethical, but the law establishes precedent in trying to dictate universal guidelines, and is thus not able to respond to individual contexts. This model is published by the American Counseling Association, and it is particularly useful for professional counselors working in agencies, private practice, and … Want best academic writers to write your assignment? Value judgments and collective agreement about acceptable patterns of behavior. , or the ethics model is a sample of some of which characteristics! And then presents a framework for thinking ethically is the principle of producing the most good the. Depending on the OutcomeWhat were the results of my decision the universal moral law of... Character traits ( virtues and vices ) that pertain to the situation hope that the ethical... The product of dialogue and debate in the process you strive to do what is considered just the principle producing. Skills are crucial humans have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and thus more... Not just some members here our method for ethical decision making and leadership... 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