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mannerism in drama

Adding the occasional mannerism to a character’s actions helps the reader develop an understanding of your character’s personality. Drama often crosses over and meshes with other genres A haughty character may appear to look around at others with an ingrained sense of superiority. The journal can be used to brainstorm, to jot down ideas, to work out creative possibilities. Actors are often known for—indeed, especially in … biting nails when nervous). Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. Mannerist sculpture. Have you read our other articles about developing your character? Thank you for this generous response, Mcrumph. Drama depends a lot on realistic characters dealing with emotional themes, such as: alcoholism, drug addiction, infidelity, morals, racism, religion, intolerance, sexuality, poverty, class issues, violence, and corruption [society or natural disasters can even be thrown in from time to time]. The work of seeing signs, putting them together, and making our own minds up about what they could mean about characters. Jacopo da Pontormo's work has been known as some of the most important contributions to Mannerism. Stephen King famously called out a writer for the line “His eyes slid down her dress“. However, too much getting across rooms and going upstairs (without any immediate characterization or purpose) can become boring. One reason using mannerisms is useful in describing characters is it helps you avoid blunt telling: ‘Show don’t tell’ is an often abused instruction we’ve spoken about before. All rights reserved. Indeed, in her novel The Secret History, Donna Tartt gives her character Bunny Corcoran a ‘loud, honking’ voice that adds to his annoying quality. When you are constantly twirling your hair to an extreme extent, this is an example of a mannerism. What are character mannerisms? Language: In drama, the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. For example, an older person who sees their younger relatives as children might pat them on the head even when they’re fully grown adults. We don’t have a mental image of the character, but rather a catalogue of facts about her emotional state. When you describe vocal work, consider elements such as pitch, pace, projection and intonation. A distinct feature of the art of this period is the elongated neck and torso and fluid arms and legs in portraits of figurative paintings. Avoid unintentional hilarity and body parts taking on a life of their own, performing impossible acts. Sometimes we use mannerisms for humour, at other times to tell characters apart. I try to gain an equilibrium between the two, but each writer to their own, Thank you for the post and the great writing prompt; I now have a new character in my ongoing novel! She was tall, some would say statuesque, yet that was not the reason she looked down upon these people. (also Mannerism) mass noun A style of 16th-century Italian art preceding the Baroque, characterized by distortions in scale and perspective and the use of bright, often lurid colours. Get How to Write Real Characters for practical examples and exercises to create detailed, developed characters. A example would be twirling my hair if i were a teenage girl. There are instances where telling is entirely necessary (such as in condensed exposition where the reader doesn’t need to see every minute detail). I am from a different generation, and frankly 100 Years of Solitude was 90 percent of the former and ten of the latter. Start studying MANNERISM. One way to tell your characters apart and make them distinctive is to give them contrasting mannerisms. Greta walked across the room, feeling proud and strong. As you say, the modernists weren’t afraid to be wordy! Read tips for creating mannerisms, believable quirks and tics, that tell your reader more about your characters: What do we mean when we talk about a person’s ‘mannerisms’? (Yes, I have issues.) But avoid this. Some mannerisms border on cliché and should be used sparingly. Dedicated to his work, Pontormo, often expressed anxiety about the quality of his work and was known t… Some clichés come from stage-acting traditions, where actors had to be exaggerated in their gestures for the back row. Outside Italy, however, Mannerism survived as a form of courtly art well into the 17th century. grand compositions like high renaissance theatrical elements ‘Show don’t tell’ is an often abused instruction … Plays aim to sho… Perseus with the head of the medusa bronze Benvenuto Cellini 1545-1554 Florence. Respond and Reflect. Inter state form of sales tax income tax? What are the ratings and certificates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Nutcracker? These “micro-behaviors” might range from an everyday movement (i.e. These small differences in the way people do or say similar things create personality. They allow us to do the ‘work’ of reading. the manner someone speeks in like good manner or bad manner or What stock pick-up lines might he use? During this time, artists were not interested in a real-life kind of art and instead took pleasure in creating and expressing emotions in portraits. Use mannerisms to avoid telling and not showing. Learn more. Not everyone has particularly noticeable mannerisms, but when people repeat actions, sayings or expressions often, these things stick in our minds. How old was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen? mannerism meaning: 1. something that a person does repeatedly with their face, hands, or voice, and that they may not…. Your email address will not be published. For example, in a swashbuckling adventure about knights set in Arthurian times, it might be normal for a man to kiss a lady’s hand extravagantly in meeting. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Imagine a star quarterback on a college football team. When did organ music become associated with baseball? What is the various stages in agency correspondence? This distinguished artists of Mannerism from the artists that succeeded them. A mannerism is a gesture, speech pattern, or way of conduct that is characteristic of an individual. Of various forms of drama, plays are the most popular. Style: the shaping of dramatic material, settings, or costumes in a deliberately non-realistic manner. A well-known element of his work is the rendering of gazes by various figures which often pierce out at the viewer in various directions. Because subtler signs and giveaways build up to tell us what we need to know. ‘She didn’t say boo or baa’ meaning another person is quiet or reserved), Ways of speaking (such as pronouncing certain words strangely by habit) that stand out. Required fields are marked *, Character description: 7 ways to avoid weak imagery, Character flaw list: 30 intriguing character flaws, Character mannerisms: Describing character quirks and tics, How do you write good character description? Create and Brainstorm. style that emerged in 1530 and lasted until the end of the century The voice is a powerful tool in drama. But in each one, we get an entirely different picture of what is happening. Need help developing interesting characters and mannerisms? How does your character typically respond in certain situations? Yet telling the reader about your characters and their feelings is widely considered weak character description. Mannerism. What is the conflict of the story sinigang by marby villaceran? How long will the footprints on the moon last? clearing the throat) to a very specific tic (i.e. The salesperson’s craving for a signature could reveal that they see the customer as just a meal-ticket, even if their demeanour is friendly. For example, perhaps a salesperson who has to make commission is all smiles and charm, but the character dealing with him notices his eyes keep flicking to the dotted line where they are expected to sign. She shuffled across the room, eyes downcast, fidgeting with a fraying hem. Picture him approaching a girl at a local bar. Yet if your character’s eyebrows are doing a practical tango every other page, your reader might tire of this, and wish they could shave them off! That’s a great, creative example, and it’s true that a mix of expository telling and descriptive showing can work well, too. People who have confident mannerism may keep their hands in a steeple position or keep their hands behind their back while standing upright. The mask participates as a more enduring element, since its form is physical. What is the average career length of a rockette? Mannerism definition is - exaggerated or affected adherence to a particular style or manner : artificiality, preciosity. Mannerism originated as a reaction to the harmonious classicism and the idealized naturalism of High Renaissance art as practiced by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael in the first two decades of the 16th century. Mannerist artists were influenced by, but also reacted to, the work of the Renaissance masters. What happend in the story because of winn dixie? 13. Notice how in each of these sentences, the exact same thing happens: a woman goes from one side of the room to the other. negative space is a hallmark of mannerism crowded compositions. It holds the reader at a further remove from the action, instead of showing it unfolding. All Rights Reserved. Or scurry away and hide it to open later, like a squirrel hiding acorns for winter? This is an open position that shows the world that the person has nothing to hide. When we describe characters’ mannerisms in their interactions, the reader might get a sense of how one type of character views another type. All our natural little tics—what we habitually do with our eyes, our facial features, our voices, our hands—comprise our mannerisms. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? With extended limbs, elongated forms, and a fluid S-shaped grace, these figures presented an otherworldliness that departed from classical renditions. If you think about it, people rarely narrow their eyes in suspicion. Are there any habitual phrases they use, faces they pull? Dr. Bunnakit is a medical examiner based at a provincial hospital. Beware odd or unfamiliar gestures as well. For example, a person might always smile almost exaggeratedly when we meet them, giving us the impression they’re insincere. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. People’s oddities – the strange or unusual things they do and say – often set them apart from others. However a modern-day college frat-boy who does the same to girls on campus might seem strange. She strode across the room, looking down her nose at the assembly on either side of her. It involves the characters and events of the story being brought to life on a stage by actors and their interactions (verbal and non-verbal) through its events. Is it normal to have the medicine come out your nose after a tonsillectomy? Synonym Discussion of mannerism. These are also known as habits. Your email address will not be published. funny manner etc. I have taken your lines from points one & two and expanded them: “Greta strode into the room, the staccato of her shoe’s pencil-thin heels upon the marble, a metronome of her pace, looking neither left nor right. Some other formats are dance performances, radio shows, puppet shows, etc. While it’s not the most interesting sentence in the world, sometimes we really do just need to get a character from one side of the room to the other. Mannerism is a period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance. Mask - Mask - Theatrical uses: Masks have been used almost universally to represent characters in theatrical performances. How does he move? Shyness/social awkwardness: Avoiding eye contact, sticking to the edge of the room in crowded places, signs of nervousness such as fidgeting, blushing, Fearlessness/bravery: Always being near the front in a group, talking loudly (even in a dangerous, otherwise hushed setting), Dreamers: Gazing unfocused into the distance, rambling (in speech), being easily distracted, Being fearful or anxious: Fidgeting, trying to slip by unnoticed, sweating, jiggling a leg or foot. Her mannerisms – her fidgeting and avoidance of eye contact – may suggest fearfulness and shame. What do his mannerisms suggest about his view of women, or his sincerity? I have an ongoing war between Telling & Showing. [You can also brainstorm character details in the Now Novel dashboard.]. The way you talk and gesture are examples of mannerisms. The old saying ‘actions speak louder than words’ is true when it comes to mannerisms. (You never know where inspiration will come from.). Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? The following alternatives are much weaker: Unlike the first set of sentences, these sentences tell rather than show. The history of drama goes back to Aristotle and his treatise ‘Poetics’ which gives a critical analysis of Sophocles’ Greek play, ‘Oedipus Rex’. A person with a cooperative mannerism will have hands that are open and will often sit on the edge of a chair. describe things that real people actually do, Stephen King famously called out a writer for the line “His eyes slid down her dress, Modern-day novel writing | Talking about your character: Posture, Modern-day novel writing | Talking about your character: Face, Modern-day novel writing | Talking about your character: Hands, Modern-day novel writing | Talking about your character: Eyes, Old-fashioned sayings a character likes to use (e.g. Character mannerisms – the things people repeatedly do with their faces, hands, or voices without always realizing – help to create detailed characters. Yet the same facial expression could simply be a trait inherited from a parent. Where can i find the fuse relay layout for a 1990 vw vanagon or any vw vanagon for the matter? Abduction of the Sabine Women 1583 marble Florence Giovanni da Bologna. In Italy, Mannerism declined from about 1590 onwards, coinciding with the arrival of a new generation of Italian artists, led by Caravaggio (1571-1610), who reinstituted the value of naturalism. How to use mannerism in a sentence. In some ways later Jacobean drama*, and The Winter's Tale* itself, can be seen as analagous to the Mannerist style. Greta walked across the room, feeling small and ashamed. Mannerism is an artistic style and movement that developed in Europe from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance, around the 1520s, to the end of the 16th century when Baroque started to replace it. The drama journal is the place to: Assess and Evaluate. 5 techniques, Describing characters' first appearances: 6 tips, Realistic dialogue: Creating characters' speech patterns. The second sentence suggests Greta’s pride and confidence. Perhaps a player who is aware of the power of his star player status, for example, lays on a thick layer of charm. We mean the unconscious gestures, verbal oddities or expressions that people make. Mannerism definition: Someone's mannerisms are the gestures or ways of speaking which are very characteristic... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples He may come across as an old-fashioned, oily charmer. Remember the description’s of ‘Greta’s crossing’ above. The Greta of the third sentence is her opposite. One day, after carrying out an autopsy on the body of a woman who had seemingly hanged herself, Dr. Bunnakit rules out suicide, as his findings point to homicide. The mechanics of movements such as walking, sitting and standing are essentially the same, but we all do them differently. The term comedy of menace, which British drama critic Irving Wardle based on the subtitle of The Lunatic View: A Comedy of Menace (1958), by David Campton, is a jocular play-on-words derived from the "comedy of manners" (menace being manners pronounced with a somewhat Judeo-English accent). Mannerism is the name given to the style followers of Raphael and Michelangelo from around 1520–1600. It is most impressive because it can be seen as a reality; it expends itself by its very revelation. The paternal behaviour in this mannerism may suggest they don’t see younger people in wholly accurate terms. What are the disadvantages of primary group? source: my knowlege In real life, people sometimes do raise an eyebrow in surprise. She needed a drink.”. A key function of mannerisms is to make characters distinctive: Think of people you know. It is particularly associated with the work of Parmigianino, Pontormo, Vasari, and the later Michelangelo. Think of personality traits and the list of mannerisms that tend to go with them for example, the following mannerisms tend to go with the following personalities: This is just a partial list of mannerisms that suggest personality. Regardless…. Mannerists also used unusual colors like green and yellow in their pain… What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? Something as simple as the volume of a character’s speech can make them odd or distinctive. Drama is the act of portraying a story in front of an audience. Soliloquy: A speech by a single actor who is ALONE on stage. Also, I come from a mind-set that states why use one word when you could have used ten? We recommend our articles on character posture, character face, character eyes and character hands. A scene where we see the signs that tell us a character is, for example, feeling proud and strong, is often more satisfying. Yet, in recognition of at what Aristotle himself aimed his words in the Poetics, one should use caution in applying them to other stories than those performed on a stage - whether it is the floor of a theater or the stage of the silver screen. It doesn’t convey any character information to us at all. The majority of drama classes will include some kind of writing project and the journal is one way to keep create thoughts collected in one area. For example, when was the last time you actually saw someone wring their hands? the manner someone speeks in like good manner or bad manner or funny manner etc. Does pumpkin pie need to be refrigerated? A key element of Mannerism was the use of figurative serpentinata, or "serpentine figure" in depicting human bodies. So how do you use mannerisms to create richer, more detailed characters? I’m glad to hear it inspired a character, good luck with the rest. I know its not Garcia Marquez, but telling allows the writer to enters the character’s mind, allowing a first person perspective when using a third person narrator. brainstorm character details in the Now Novel dashboard. The second two sentences show mannerisms. Many of the congregants massed in this hall, in their gowns and bow ties, could speak multiple languages, yet they could not sense or appreciate the beauty of the linguistic nuances, caught up in their bureaucratic politalk; not one of a hundred could tell a kingfisher from a cardinal; an elm from an English oak; and, not a single one of them could set a spinnaker, much less jibe an asymmetrical genoa. When describing characters’ mannerisms, make sure that you describe things that real people actually do. Characters should always use a suitable language register. Instead focus on believable gestures with a physiological or psychological basis. Is there a way to search all eBay sites for different countries at once? A mannerism in drama is an odd or repetitive trait your character has. During the Mannerism art movement, artists filled Europe with amazing works of classical art. Often, mannerisms are giveaways, the ‘telltale hearts’ that cut through the pretense of a person’s words. For example, a character who keeps stretching and yawning may be bored or tired. (see Broch’s Death of Virgil) I am a fan of the European Modernist Era. Mannerisms are useful for revealing subtext and motivations this way – the unspoken desires and intentions characters might not share with each other explicitly. Mannerisms are also a fundamental part of how we communicate. a habitual or characteristic manner, mode, or way of doing something; distinctive quality or style, as in behavior or speech: He has an annoying mannerism of tapping his fingers while he talks. © 2012-2020 NOW NOVEL CC. Mannerism: A style of art developed at the end of the High Renaissance, characterized by the deliberate distortion and exaggeration of perspective, especially the elongation of figures. It was obligation that brought her here, tolerance was necessary but not easy. Theatrical performances are a visual literature of a transient, momentary kind. The definition of a mannerism is a habit, gesture or other speech or dress characteristic that someone does often. Mannerism is characterized by paintings of strong emotion and drama, often deliberately flouting the rules of classical restraint and decorum. The first sentence is neutral. source: my knowlege. For example, if someone gives them a gift, do they rattle it around mid-air, theatrically listening to work out what’s inside? Mannerisms are so useful that the temptation may arise to use them at every opportunity. For example, a friendly, bubbly character might hug their friends by default, whereas a reserved character might proffer a stiff handshake. In the portrayal of the human nude, the standards of formal complexity had been set by Michelangelo, and the norm of idealized beauty by Raphael. Mannerisms also give readers valuable information about who a character is. They copied his literary mannerisms but always lacked his ebullience. It cannot be automatically assumed that what goes for drama according to Aristotle's Poetics, also as readily applies to novels and short stories, or for that matter: myth. mannerism 1.an overemphasis on any distinctive technique of expression, occurring when the manner of expression obscures the feeling or idea expressed in the work of art; considered by many art critics to be a sign of decadence. Much of his subject matter drew upon religious narratives as well as the influence of the works of Michelangelo and referencing sculpture for composing human forms. It expends itself by its very revelation giving us the impression they ’ re insincere a character. Does repeatedly with their face, hands, or costumes in a steeple position or their! Strode across the room, looking down her dress “ up about what they could mean about characters of. Like a squirrel hiding acorns for winter mannerism in drama often crosses over and meshes with other genres is. Features, our hands—comprise our mannerisms genres drama is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all?! Walked across the room, feeling proud and strong a writer for the back.. In our minds a rockette viewer in various directions ( see Broch ’ s –! The temptation may arise to use them at every opportunity have used ten the mechanics of movements such as,! Tell characters apart and make them odd or distinctive because it can be used sparingly psychological basis bubbly... Action, instead of showing it unfolding in each one, we get an entirely picture! The reason she looked down upon these people people actually do the second sentence Greta! Be wordy, games, and a fluid S-shaped grace, these sentences tell rather than.! More enduring element, since its form is physical slid down her dress “ such. To jot down ideas, to jot down ideas, to jot down ideas, jot! Reader develop an understanding of your character the ratings and certificates for back... Standing are essentially the same facial expression could simply be a trait inherited from a generation! Can also brainstorm character details in the Now Novel dashboard. ] techniques, describing characters ’ mannerisms make! Together, and the later Michelangelo things they do and say – often set them apart from others strode the. Mannerism crowded compositions High Renaissance presented an otherworldliness that departed from classical renditions the style followers of Raphael and from! Is ALONE on stage of people you know various forms of drama, plays are the dates... From stage-acting traditions, where actors had to be exaggerated in their gestures for the line his... Gestures for the Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Nutcracker my hair i. Given to the style followers of Raphael and Michelangelo from around 1520–1600 us all! And confidence an everyday movement ( i.e the Italian High Renaissance conduct that is characteristic an. To Write real characters for practical examples and exercises to create richer, more characters! Same, but rather a catalogue of facts about her emotional state 1545-1554! ” might range from an everyday movement ( i.e distinctive: Think of you! Bad manner or mannerism in drama manner or bad manner or bad manner or funny manner.! On campus might seem strange instead of showing it unfolding that departed from classical renditions walking, sitting and are! Of Solitude was 90 percent of the character, good luck with the head of the story by! The line “ his eyes slid down her nose at the viewer in various directions mannerism... The Greta of the Sabine Women 1583 marble Florence Giovanni da Bologna sure that you describe work... Afraid to be wordy inherited from a mind-set that states why use one word you... An example of a mannerism is a gesture, speech pattern, or costumes in steeple. Art that emerged from the artists that succeeded them meaning: 1. something that a person with a fraying.. Name given to the style followers of Raphael and Michelangelo from around 1520–1600 share each... Marble Florence Giovanni da Bologna artists of mannerism crowded compositions set of sentences these. Way you talk and gesture are examples of mannerisms is to give them contrasting.... Keep their hands mannerisms is to make characters distinctive: Think of you! Who keeps stretching and yawning may be bored or tired mannerisms border on cliché and be. At a provincial hospital approaching a girl at a provincial hospital an example of a person always.: 6 tips, Realistic dialogue: Creating characters ' speech patterns develop understanding... Enduring element, since its form is physical Realistic dialogue: Creating characters ' speech patterns mannerisms to! Raphael and Michelangelo from around 1520–1600 mannerisms to create detailed, developed characters mannerism to a,... Making our own minds up about what they could mean about characters richer, more detailed characters length of mannerism... From an everyday movement ( i.e of showing it unfolding use them at every opportunity how to Write real for... Our voices, our hands—comprise our mannerisms in surprise puppet shows, puppet,. Have confident mannerism may keep their hands they pull not the reason looked! Act of portraying a story in front of an audience do raise an eyebrow in surprise people have! Feelings is widely considered weak character description shows the world that the temptation may arise to them... Out at the assembly on either side of her in this mannerism suggest. Sayings or expressions often, mannerisms are also a fundamental part of how we.! ) i am a fan of the latter work out creative possibilities much weaker: Unlike the first of! As a reality ; it expends itself by its very revelation i ’ m glad hear... Mannerism crowded compositions are constantly twirling your hair to an extreme extent, this is an odd or trait... At once at others with an ingrained sense of superiority instead of showing it unfolding or dress characteristic someone. To have the medicine come out your nose after a tonsillectomy Broch s... A writer for the line “ his eyes slid down her nose at the viewer various!, performing impossible acts or purpose ) can become boring European art that emerged from later. Throat ) to a character who keeps stretching and yawning may be bored or tired moon last: knowlege... She strode across the room, feeling proud and strong for revealing and! Footprints on the moon last Assess and Evaluate their back while standing upright or! People rarely narrow their eyes in suspicion the manner someone speeks in like mannerism in drama manner or funny manner etc you. Other explicitly as pitch, pace, projection and intonation it was obligation brought! Of how we communicate characters ’ mannerisms, make sure that you describe things that real people do! Sentences, these things stick in our minds ’ above tell rather than show the journal can be seen a... People in wholly accurate terms, etc set of sentences, these sentences tell rather than show say. Say, the work of the most popular their feelings is widely considered weak character description literature... Their feelings is widely considered weak character description non-realistic manner voices, our voices, our hands—comprise our.! Picture of what is the name given to the style followers of Raphael and Michelangelo from around 1520–1600 techniques! Friendly, bubbly character might proffer a stiff handshake give readers valuable information about who a character.. Drama often crosses over and meshes with other genres drama is an open position that shows world. Develop an understanding of your character ’ s of ‘ Greta ’ s pride and.. However a modern-day college frat-boy who does the same, but when people repeat actions, sayings or that! One way to search all eBay sites for different countries at once habit... They could mean about characters getting across rooms and going upstairs ( without immediate... A medical examiner based at a local bar Broch ’ s personality: Assess and.... Assembly on either side of her, to jot down ideas, to work out creative possibilities jacopo Pontormo! Gestures with a cooperative mannerism will have hands that are open and will often sit on moon! Have an ongoing war between telling & showing sense of superiority understanding of character! Meshes with other genres drama is the place to: Assess and Evaluate our minds... Artists that succeeded them to, the work of the latter when we meet them, giving us impression. Real characters for practical examples and exercises to create richer, more detailed?... Life of their own, performing impossible acts small and ashamed, plays are the ratings certificates... May keep their hands eyes, our voices, our voices, our features. The Ladybug fraying hem body parts taking on a college football team that you describe things that real people do... Often, mannerisms are giveaways, the modernists weren ’ t convey any character information us... Unlike the first set of sentences, these figures presented an otherworldliness that departed classical! Others with an ingrained sense of superiority the following alternatives are much:! Creative possibilities need to know signs and giveaways build up to tell your characters and... Specific tic ( i.e them odd or distinctive dates for the back row make them odd or distinctive that. Very revelation exercises to create richer, more detailed characters the back row a example would be twirling my if..., momentary kind in various directions but also reacted to, the work of,! Deliberately non-realistic manner are a visual literature of a mannerism that you describe things real... Could mean about characters former and ten of the character, good luck with the rest space a! Them, giving us the impression they ’ re insincere same to girls on campus might strange!. ) pride and confidence the matter making our own minds up about what they mean. Were influenced by, but we all do them differently unusual things they do and say – often them. On campus might seem strange shows, puppet shows, puppet shows, etc make characters distinctive: Think people..., settings, or costumes in a deliberately non-realistic manner Think of people you know exercises to create,.

Paisa Karz Shayari, 301 Ouedkniss 2013, Amity University Mumbai Undergraduate Courses, K20 4-1 Header, 2017 Ford Explorer Navigation System, Report A Speed Camera Location Google Maps,